Reference

Glossary

Short, plain-English definitions. Each term links to the guides that cover it properly.

A

Abrasive filament · also filled filament, carbon fiber filament: Filament with hard fillers such as carbon fiber or metal that wears nozzles. E3D marks brass V6 nozzles as not abrasion resistant, warns that aggressive fillers can wear even ObXidian, and says some fillers are close to small nozzle sizes. Read more: Carbon fiber and other abrasive filaments: which nozzle, which size, Brass, hardened steel, ruby and tungsten carbide nozzles
AC heated bed · also mains bed, AC bed: A heated bed powered directly from mains electricity rather than the printer's low-voltage supply. Creality lists a K1 Max hotbed kit as a 110V/220V AC, 1000 W bed; that is work for the maker's service, not DIY wiring. Read more: Printer power supplies: input ratings, voltage dials and replacements, Heating, power and control
Accelerometer: A sensor that measures vibration, used to tune input shaping. Klipper lists built-in support for ADXL345, MPU-9250, LIS2DW and LIS3DH-compatible chips. Read more: Input shaping and accelerometers: Klipper, Marlin and Prusa
Accuracy spec · also accuracy: How far a reading may be from the true value, as the maker states it. Mitutoyo lists its 150 mm ABSOLUTE Digimatic caliper at 0.01 mm resolution but ±0.02 mm accuracy. Read more: Calipers, dial indicators and feeler gauges for printer work
ADXL345: A common accelerometer chip for input-shaper tuning. Klipper warns that some ADXL345 boards are hard-wired for I2C, which is too slow for its resonance measurement, so the board must support SPI. Read more: Input shaping and accelerometers: Klipper, Marlin and Prusa
All-metal hotend · also all metal hot end: A hotend whose heat break has no PTFE lining in the hot zone. Creality lists the K1C with an all-metal hotend, and ELEGOO says an all-metal throat for the Neptune 3 Pro, Plus and Max must match the original 27 mm length. Read more: All-metal vs PTFE-lined hotends: when the swap matters, ELEGOO Neptune 3 Pro, Plus and Max: hotend upgrades that fit
Authorized reseller · also authorized dealer: A seller the brand names as approved to sell its products. Bondtech lists authorized US and Canada resellers, and ELEGOO's reseller page names no Amazon or AliExpress store. Read more: Buying 3D printer parts on Amazon or AliExpress

B

Bed mesh · also mesh bed leveling: A grid of height measurements the firmware uses to follow an uneven bed. Klipper says a bed mesh cannot compensate for mechanical and electrical issues and only approximates the bed's shape. Read more: Bed probes and bed mesh: what they fix and what they cannot
Bed probe · also bed leveling probe, ABL, auto bed leveling: A sensor that measures bed height for leveling and meshing. Klipper says a PROBE_ACCURACY range above 25 microns means the probe lacks accuracy for typical leveling, and many probes drift with temperature. Read more: Bed probes and bed mesh: what they fix and what they cannot
Bed slinger · also i3 printer, i3 gantry: A printer whose bed moves back and forth on the Y axis. Klipper says to measure resonance on such printers with the accelerometer on the toolhead for X and on the bed for Y. Read more: Input shaping and accelerometers: Klipper, Marlin and Prusa, Identify your exact printer model and hardware revision
Bed tramming · also bed leveling, manual leveling: Adjusting the bed's screws or knobs so the bed sits parallel to the nozzle's path, before any mesh compensation. Read more: Bed probes and bed mesh: what they fix and what they cannot
Bowden · also Bowden extruder, Bowden tube: An extruder mounted on the frame that pushes filament to the hotend through a long tube. Klipper says the upper end of its typical pressure advance range is usually needed only on Bowden extruders. Read more: Pressure advance and Linear Advance: what to tune and when, PTFE tubes: Capricorn sizes, heat limits and when to replace

C

Caliper · also digital caliper, calipers: A sliding measuring tool. Mitutoyo says its ABSOLUTE Digimatic caliper measures outside, inside, depth and step dimensions. Read more: Calipers, dial indicators and feeler gauges for printer work, Measurement and calibration tools
Canadian certification mark · also CSA, cUL, cETL: A mark such as CSA, cUL or cETL showing a product is certified for Canada. Health Canada advises against buying plug-in electrical products without one, and says it must be on the product, not just the box. Read more: UL, ETL, CSA and CE marks, and printer fumes: what each one means, Buying 3D printer parts on Amazon or AliExpress
Carriage block · also rail block, MGN12H: The block that slides along a linear rail and carries the moving part. Micro Swiss's linear-rail NG plate is for printers fitted with an MGN12 rail and an MGN12H block. Read more: Mechanical upgrades: extruders, hotends and motion
CE marking · also CE mark: A European conformity mark. OSHA says the CE mark is unrelated to US product safety requirements for workplace equipment, so it is not a North American safety listing. Read more: UL, ETL, CSA and CE marks, and printer fumes: what each one means
CHT nozzle · also Bondtech CHT, high-flow nozzle: Bondtech's nozzle that splits the filament into three thinner strands to heat it faster. Bondtech says meaningful flow gains need a nozzle of at least 0.6 mm, and offers CHT nozzles to the RepRap, MK8 and Volcano standards. Read more: High-flow hotends: Volcano, CHT and Revo High Flow, with outside numbers, Bambu Lab P1 and X1 hotend upgrades: Panda Revo and CHT numbers
CoreXY · also Core XY: A motion system where two motors work together through crossed belts to move the print head in X and Y while the bed moves only in Z. The Creality K1C, Prusa CORE One+ and Sovol SV08 are listed as CoreXY by their makers. Read more: Input shaping and accelerometers: Klipper, Marlin and Prusa, Identify your exact printer model and hardware revision
Counterfeit · also fake, knockoff: A copy sold as the genuine brand. Capricorn says tubing sold on AliExpress or Alibaba is almost certainly not genuine, and Health Canada lists unusually low prices and spelling errors as warning signs. Read more: Buying 3D printer parts on Amazon or AliExpress

D

De minimis · also de minimis exemption: A duty-free threshold for low-value imports. CBP says US de minimis eligibility ended for goods from all countries on August 29, 2025, and duties, taxes and fees now apply to shipments of $800 or less. Read more: Buying 3D printer parts on Amazon or AliExpress
Dial indicator · also dial gauge: A plunger gauge with a dial for small height changes. Mitutoyo lists its 2046A with 0.01 mm graduations, a 0-10 mm range and ±0.013 mm accuracy; Starrett makes testers to calibrate such indicators. Read more: Calipers, dial indicators and feeler gauges for printer work
Direct drive · also direct extruder: An extruder mounted on the print head, right above the hotend, so the filament path to the nozzle is short. Read more: Extruder upgrades: gear ratio, dual gears and feeding force, Pressure advance and Linear Advance: what to tune and when
Dual-gear extruder · also dual drive extruder: An extruder that grips the filament between two driven gears. Bondtech says its BMG uses a 3:1 reduction and a heat-treated, nickel-coated primary drive gear. Read more: Extruder upgrades: gear ratio, dual gears and feeding force

E

E-steps · also steps per mm, esteps: The number of motor steps the firmware sends to move 1 mm of filament. Bondtech lists 415 for its BMG at 1.8° steps and 16 microsteps, doubled for a 0.9° motor or 32 microsteps. Read more: E-steps and rotation distance after an extruder swap, Extruder upgrades: gear ratio, dual gears and feeding force
EEPROM: Memory on the control board that keeps saved settings after power-off. In Marlin, M503 reports the settings active in memory, which may not match what is saved in EEPROM. Read more: E-steps and rotation distance after an extruder swap, PID tuning after a heater or hotend swap
Emissivity: How well a surface gives off heat radiation, which thermal cameras rely on. FLIR says polished copper or aluminum usually has emissivity below 0.10, and below 0.5 an accurate reading is unlikely. Read more: Heating, power and control
ETL Listed · also ETL mark: The mark Intertek, an OSHA-recognized NRTL, issues to show a product was independently tested and certified. Intertek's online directory lets buyers verify it. Read more: UL, ETL, CSA and CE marks, and printer fumes: what each one means
Extruder · also feeder: The motor-driven mechanism that grips the filament and pushes it into the hotend. Its gearing and grip decide how much force it can apply. Read more: Extruder upgrades: gear ratio, dual gears and feeding force, Mechanical upgrades: extruders, hotends and motion
Extrusion multiplier · also flow ratio, flow rate: A slicer factor that scales how much plastic is extruded. The ellis3dp.com guide tunes it per filament after extruder calibration and pressure advance, and calls measuring thin walls with calipers unreliable for it. Read more: Flow ratio and max volumetric speed: calibrate in the right order

F

FCC Part 15 · also FCC mark: US rules on radio-frequency emissions from devices such as printer mainboards. They address RF, not fire or shock safety, and require manuals to warn that unapproved changes could void the user's authority to operate the equipment. Read more: UL, ETL, CSA and CE marks, and printer fumes: what each one means
Feeler gauge · also feeler gage, thickness gauge: A set of thin steel leaves of known thickness for checking gaps. Mitutoyo makes its feeler gages from carbon steel, and its 184-303S set has 28 leaves from 0.05 to 1 mm. Read more: Calipers, dial indicators and feeler gauges for printer work, Bed probes and bed mesh: what they fix and what they cannot
Filament dryer · also filament drybox: A heated box that removes moisture from filament. SUNLU says its FilaDryer S4 heats up to 70 °C, and Polymaker says one temperature cannot describe a dryer because it varies around the spool. Read more: Maintenance parts: nozzles, PTFE tubes, sheets and schedules, 3D printer maintenance and lubrication: what makers say
Firmware · also G-code firmware: The software on the printer's control board that reads G-code and drives the motors and heaters. Common families include Marlin, Klipper and makers' own versions. Read more: Identify your exact printer model and hardware revision, Thermal runaway protection: what it does and how to confirm it
Free Return · also AliExpress Free Return: An AliExpress return offer. Its terms apply only to products showing a Free Return label and require the request within 15 calendar days of receipt. Read more: Buying 3D printer parts on Amazon or AliExpress

G

Gear ratio · also gear reduction: How many motor turns it takes to turn the drive gear once. Bondtech advertises the BMG as 3:1, while Klipper notes it actually uses 50:17 gearing, which is what goes in Klipper's gear_ratio setting. Read more: Extruder upgrades: gear ratio, dual gears and feeding force, E-steps and rotation distance after an extruder swap
GREENGUARD · also UL GREENGUARD: A UL certification for low chemical emissions. Prusa says the MK4S was the first consumer 3D printer to receive it; GREENGUARD concerns emissions, not electrical safety. Read more: UL, ETL, CSA and CE marks, and printer fumes: what each one means

H

Hardened steel nozzle · also HS nozzle: A steel nozzle heat-treated to resist wear from abrasive filament. E3D rates its hardened steel V6 nozzles at 350 °C and marks them abrasion resistant. Read more: Brass, hardened steel, ruby and tungsten carbide nozzles, Carbon fiber and other abrasive filaments: which nozzle, which size
Heat break · also heatbreak, throat: The thin tube between the heater block and the cooled heat sink that keeps heat from creeping up the filament path. Slice Engineering's Copperhead heat break fits M6x1.0 hot blocks and is rated 450 °C on its own, and its G2 version is 3 mm longer than the original. Read more: All-metal vs PTFE-lined hotends: when the swap matters, ELEGOO Neptune 3 Pro, Plus and Max: hotend upgrades that fit
Heater block · also hot block, heat block: The metal block that holds the heater and temperature sensor and into which the nozzle and heat break are fitted. Blocks are made for a particular nozzle standard, so a nozzle from another system may not fit. Read more: MK8, V6, Volcano, Revo and Prusa Nozzle: which one your printer takes, E3D Revo vs V6: nozzles, fit and what changes
Heater cartridge · also heater core, HeaterCore: The electric heating element that warms the heater block. For Revo High Flow use, E3D says its standard 40 W HeaterCore suffices for most uses and recommends the 60 W core for high-temperature materials such as polycarbonate. Read more: PID tuning after a heater or hotend swap, Heating, power and control
Hot tightening · also hot tighten: Tightening a threaded nozzle while the hotend is at temperature so it seals. E3D says to hot-tighten brass V6 nozzles at 285 °C to about 2 Nm; Revo nozzles are changed by hand when cold instead. Read more: Changing a nozzle: hot tightening and torque by maker, E3D Revo vs V6: nozzles, fit and what changes
Hotend · also hot end: The heated part of an FDM printer that melts filament and pushes it out through the nozzle. It usually combines a heater block, heater, temperature sensor, heat break and nozzle. Read more: Mechanical upgrades: extruders, hotends and motion, All-metal vs PTFE-lined hotends: when the swap matters, High-flow hotends: Volcano, CHT and Revo High Flow, with outside numbers

I

Input shaping · also input shaper: A firmware feature that shapes motion commands to cancel the printer's vibration. Klipper says it is meant to reduce ringing and does not by itself change print time; only max_accel does. Read more: Input shaping and accelerometers: Klipper, Marlin and Prusa

K

Klipper: Open-source printer firmware that does most of its motion planning on a separate computer. ELEGOO ships the Neptune 4 Pro with Klipper, and Creality describes its KE's Creality OS as based on Klipper. Read more: Input shaping and accelerometers: Klipper, Marlin and Prusa, Pressure advance and Linear Advance: what to tune and when, E-steps and rotation distance after an extruder swap

L

Linear Advance · also K-factor: Marlin's version of pressure advance, set by a K-factor. Marlin says K depends on filament, temperature, extruder and nozzle, and its unit changed in version 1.5, so old K values do not carry over. Read more: Pressure advance and Linear Advance: what to tune and when
Linear rail · also linear guide, MGN12: A steel rail with a carriage block that runs on balls, used in place of wheels or rods. HIWIN's MG miniature series comes as a narrow MGN or a wide MGW block. Read more: Mechanical upgrades: extruders, hotends and motion
Local exhaust ventilation · also LEV: Ventilation that removes emissions at the source. NIOSH recommends ventilation and HEPA filtration at the source, and a 2018 NIOSH office study found local exhaust could reduce or eliminate ultrafine particles there. Read more: UL, ETL, CSA and CE marks, and printer fumes: what each one means

M

M6 thread · also M6x1, M6x1.0: A metric 6 mm thread used by many nozzles and heat breaks. E3D's V6 brass nozzles use an M6 thread, Bondtech makes CHT nozzles to RepRap, MK8 and Volcano standards all with M6x1 threads, and Slice's Copperhead fits M6x1.0 blocks. The same thread does not mean the same length. Read more: MK8, V6, Volcano, Revo and Prusa Nozzle: which one your printer takes
Marlin: Widely used open-source firmware that runs on the printer's control board. Sovol publishes the original SV06's firmware source as a Marlin-based project under GPL-3.0. Read more: Thermal runaway protection: what it does and how to confirm it, Pressure advance and Linear Advance: what to tune and when
Max volumetric speed · also max flow: The highest flow a slicer allows for a filament. OrcaSlicer calls its test result a best case and suggests reducing it by 10-20% or more for quality and strength. Read more: Flow ratio and max volumetric speed: calibrate in the right order, High-flow hotends: Volcano, CHT and Revo High Flow, with outside numbers
MAXTEMP error · also max temp error: A firmware shutdown when a heater reads above its allowed maximum. Marlin says it usually means shorted sensor wires but can also indicate a heater MOSFET or relay stuck on. Read more: Thermal runaway protection: what it does and how to confirm it
Measurement uncertainty · also uncertainty: The range within which the true value likely lies. A NIST-hosted paper finds no simple formula links the spread from finite resolution to measurement uncertainty. Read more: Calipers, dial indicators and feeler gauges for printer work
Microstepping · also microsteps: Splitting each full motor step into smaller steps for smoother motion. It changes the E-steps value: Bondtech says to double the BMG's 415 at 32 microsteps instead of 16. Read more: E-steps and rotation distance after an extruder swap
MK8 nozzle · also MK8: A common nozzle standard on Creality-style hotends. Bondtech dimensions its MK8 CHT as M6×1×5×13, and ELEGOO says the Neptune 3 Pro supports MK8-type nozzles. Read more: MK8, V6, Volcano, Revo and Prusa Nozzle: which one your printer takes, ELEGOO Neptune 3 Pro, Plus and Max: hotend upgrades that fit
MOSFET: An electronic switch on the control board that turns a heater on and off. Marlin says a MAXTEMP error can indicate a heater MOSFET or relay stuck on. Read more: Thermal runaway protection: what it does and how to confirm it, Heating, power and control

N

Nozzle: The small threaded or clip-in tip at the end of the hotend that the molten filament leaves through. Its bore size, material and thread standard decide what it can print and which hotends it fits. Read more: MK8, V6, Volcano, Revo and Prusa Nozzle: which one your printer takes, Brass, hardened steel, ruby and tungsten carbide nozzles, Changing a nozzle: hot tightening and torque by maker
NRTL · also Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory: A lab OSHA recognizes to test and certify products to its workplace electrical safety standards, each for a specific scope. OSHA says recognition is not an endorsement of the equipment certified. Read more: UL, ETL, CSA and CE marks, and printer fumes: what each one means

P

Paper test · also paper method: Setting nozzle height by feeling drag on a sheet of paper. Klipper can build a mesh this way without a probe, and the ellis3dp.com guide calls it a rough starting point that gives only relative measurements. Read more: Bed probes and bed mesh: what they fix and what they cannot
PEI sheet · also PEI build plate: A build plate surfaced with PEI plastic. Prusa says PETG, ABS and some other materials can stick too strongly to its Smooth PEI sheet, and never to use acetone on its textured or satin sheets. Read more: PEI sheet care: what sticks too well and when to use acetone
PID tuning · also PID autotune, PID calibration: Calibrating how firmware drives a heater to hold temperature. Klipper warns copied PID values often work poorly, and Marlin links poor tuning to thermal runaway errors and overshoot, though thermal protection is a separate setting. Read more: PID tuning after a heater or hotend swap, Thermal runaway protection: what it does and how to confirm it
Pressure advance: A Klipper setting that adjusts extrusion ahead of speed changes to reduce blobs and gaps at corners. Klipper says the value depends on the extruder, nozzle and filament, and gives typical values of 0.050 to 1.000. Read more: Pressure advance and Linear Advance: what to tune and when
Prusa Nozzle · also Prusa Nozzle CHT, Nextruder nozzle: The nozzle Prusa ships on its Nextruder printers, including the MK4S, MK4, MK3.9, XL and CORE One. V6 nozzles fit a Nextruder only with Prusa's Nextruder V6 Nozzle Adapter. Read more: MK8, V6, Volcano, Revo and Prusa Nozzle: which one your printer takes, Prusa MK3S+ and MK4 to MK4S kits: what you keep and replace
PSU · also power supply unit, power supply: The unit that turns mains power into the low voltage a printer runs on. Prusa specifies the MK4S PSU as a 240 W Delta unit, and Sovol lists a 500 W/24 V supply for the SV06 Plus ACE. Read more: Printer power supplies: input ratings, voltage dials and replacements, Heating, power and control
PTFE tube · also Bowden tube, Capricorn tube: A slippery plastic tube that guides filament. Capricorn lists TL tubing at 2.05 mm and XS at 1.90 mm inner diameter, and VCA says overheated PTFE gives off fumes toxic to birds. Read more: PTFE tubes: Capricorn sizes, heat limits and when to replace, All-metal vs PTFE-lined hotends: when the swap matters
PTFE-lined hotend · also PTFE lined hotend, lined hotend: A hotend with a PTFE tube running into the heat break. ELEGOO says the Neptune 3 Pro, Plus and Max hotend has embedded PTFE tubing, and Capricorn does not recommend printing above 260 °C with its TL tubing. Read more: All-metal vs PTFE-lined hotends: when the swap matters, PTFE tubes: Capricorn sizes, heat limits and when to replace

Q

Quick-swap nozzle · also quick swap nozzle: A nozzle assembly meant to be changed without hot tightening. Creality lists its Unicorn quick-swap kit for the K1C, Ender-3 V3 and V3 Plus, and its K1 Series Ceramic Heating Block Kit for the K1, K1 Max and K1C. Read more: Creality K1, K1C and K1 Max nozzles: integrated vs quick-swap

R

Recall · also product recall: An official action to remove or fix an unsafe product. CPSC recalled about 12,800 Bambu Lab A1 printers in 2024, and Health Canada says recalled products cannot be resold or given away in Canada. Read more: Bambu Lab A1 heatbed cable recall: check the serial, then what, Heating, power and control
Repeatability: How closely repeated readings of the same thing agree. Mitutoyo lists 0.01 mm repeatability for its 150 mm ABSOLUTE Digimatic caliper, a separate figure from its accuracy. Read more: Calipers, dial indicators and feeler gauges for printer work
Resolution: The smallest step a measuring instrument displays. A NIST-hosted paper finds that finite resolution plus noise spreads results in ways no simple formula links to uncertainty, so more digits are not more accuracy. Read more: Calipers, dial indicators and feeler gauges for printer work
Revo nozzle · also E3D Revo nozzle, RapidChange Revo: E3D's nozzle with the heat break built in, changed by hand when cold. E3D says Revo nozzles do not fit V6-style heater blocks and are all made to the same length within ±0.2 mm. Read more: E3D Revo vs V6: nozzles, fit and what changes, MK8, V6, Volcano, Revo and Prusa Nozzle: which one your printer takes
Ringing · also ghosting: Faint repeated echoes of sharp features on a print's surface, caused by vibration after quick direction changes. Klipper says ringing usually has mechanical origins such as loose belts, which should be fixed first where possible. Read more: Input shaping and accelerometers: Klipper, Marlin and Prusa
Rockwell hardness · also HRC: A hardness scale for metals, given as HRC for hardened steels. Micro Swiss states its M2 high-speed steel MK8 nozzle is hardened to 68 HRC. Read more: Brass, hardened steel, ruby and tungsten carbide nozzles
Rotation distance · also rotation_distance: Klipper's way of setting extruder movement: the distance the filament moves per full motor rotation. Klipper calibrates it by marking filament about 70 mm from the intake, extruding 50 mm slowly and scaling by the result. Read more: E-steps and rotation distance after an extruder swap
Ruby nozzle · also Olsson Ruby: A mostly brass nozzle with a ruby set in the tip for wear resistance. 3DVerkstan says to fit and remove an Olsson Ruby only at printing temperature, at 0.5 Nm and never over 1 Nm, and never to clean it with a wire brush. Read more: Brass, hardened steel, ruby and tungsten carbide nozzles, Changing a nozzle: hot tightening and torque by maker

S

Separating agent · also release agent, glue stick: A thin layer between print and bed that stops a part bonding too strongly. Prusa recommends one, such as a glue stick, when printing PETG and similar materials on its Smooth PEI sheet. Read more: PEI sheet care: what sticks too well and when to use acetone
SPI · also Serial Peripheral Interface: A fast wired link between a chip and a controller. Klipper requires SPI for an ADXL345, because I2C has too low throughput for its resonance measurement. Read more: Input shaping and accelerometers: Klipper, Marlin and Prusa

T

Thermal runaway protection · also thermal protection: Firmware that shuts off heaters when a temperature fails to rise or drifts from target. Marlin calls it a vital safety feature, and Prusa's MK4 and CORE One stop if the nozzle drops 12 °C and does not recover in 60 seconds. Read more: Thermal runaway protection: what it does and how to confirm it, Heating, power and control
Thermistor · also temperature sensor, NTC: A temperature sensor whose resistance changes with heat, used by the firmware to read hotend and bed temperatures. Marlin says a MAXTEMP error usually means shorted sensor wires. Read more: Thermal runaway protection: what it does and how to confirm it, PID tuning after a heater or hotend swap
Tungsten carbide nozzle: A wear-resistant nozzle with a tungsten carbide tip. Dyze Design's version has a fine-grade tungsten carbide tip in a steel housing, not a solid carbide body, with a 500 °C maximum working temperature. Read more: Brass, hardened steel, ruby and tungsten carbide nozzles, Carbon fiber and other abrasive filaments: which nozzle, which size

U

UL 2904: UL's standard method for testing and assessing particle and chemical emissions from 3D printers. It concerns emissions, not electrical safety. Read more: UL, ETL, CSA and CE marks, and printer fumes: what each one means
UL Listed mark · also UL mark, UL Listed: UL's mark for a product certified to safety standards. UL says it keeps checking products after testing, and its Product iQ database lets you look up a certification. Read more: UL, ETL, CSA and CE marks, and printer fumes: what each one means
UL Recognized Component · also UL Recognized: UL's mark for parts built into a larger certified product, distinct from the UL Listed mark. A recognized power supply does not make a modified printer Listed. Read more: UL, ETL, CSA and CE marks, and printer fumes: what each one means, Printer power supplies: input ratings, voltage dials and replacements
Ultrafine particles · also UFPs: Airborne particles smaller than 100 nanometers. NIOSH identifies them among 3D printing emissions, which vary with the printer and filament. Read more: UL, ETL, CSA and CE marks, and printer fumes: what each one means

V

V6 nozzle · also E3D V6 nozzle: The nozzle standard of E3D's V6 hotend, with an M6 thread. E3D rates its V6 nozzles at 300 °C for brass, 350 °C for hardened steel and 500 °C for stainless steel, plated copper and Nozzle X. Read more: MK8, V6, Volcano, Revo and Prusa Nozzle: which one your printer takes, E3D Revo vs V6: nozzles, fit and what changes
VOCs · also volatile organic compounds: Volatile organic compounds: carbon-based chemicals that evaporate into the air. NIOSH identifies volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds among 3D printing emissions. Read more: UL, ETL, CSA and CE marks, and printer fumes: what each one means
Volcano nozzle · also E3D Volcano nozzle: The longer nozzle used by E3D's Volcano hotend, which E3D rates at 300 °C, upgradable to 500 °C. Read more: MK8, V6, Volcano, Revo and Prusa Nozzle: which one your printer takes, High-flow hotends: Volcano, CHT and Revo High Flow, with outside numbers
Voltage selector · also voltage switch, voltage dial: A switch or dial on some power supplies for the mains voltage. ELEGOO says the Neptune 3 Pro needs its dial set by hand for 110 V, while the Plus and Max need no setting; follow your manual. Read more: Printer power supplies: input ratings, voltage dials and replacements
Volumetric flow rate · also flow, mm³/s: How much plastic the hotend melts and pushes out per second, in cubic millimeters per second. It ties together print speed, line width and layer height. Read more: Flow ratio and max volumetric speed: calibrate in the right order, High-flow hotends: Volcano, CHT and Revo High Flow, with outside numbers

Z

Z offset · also z_offset, probe offset: The height difference between where the probe triggers and where the nozzle touches the bed. Klipper says hotend or probe changes invalidate it, and E3D notes it may need adjusting after a Revo nozzle change. Read more: Bed probes and bed mesh: what they fix and what they cannot, E3D Revo vs V6: nozzles, fit and what changes